STANDARD TYPE: The development of the standard type can clearly be demonstrated by looking to dogs such as: Sieger 1925 Klodo v Boxberg: He was in his day a turning point for the problems in his time and he was a surprising Sieger. He marked the standard type of a more stretched medium sized dog in a period when the dogs were large, square, high legged and the temperament had deteriorated. Von Stephanitz surprised the GSD scheme when he gave the German title to the sable Czechoslovakian Sieger who gave good temperament but many long coats.

Sieger 1929: Utz Haus Schuetting was a turning point also. He dominates the bloodlines in the Hochzucht and since Utz, Schwarz-gelb (black & gold) is in and sable is out. The origin of the sable colour is found in lines without Utz. Utz is criticised because of lack of temperament and teeth problems.

VA 50/51 Rolf Osnabruckerland and Sieger l955 Alf Nordfelsen are an example of successful complimentary breeding. VA l962/63 Jalk Fohlenbrunnen, the Siegers & VA of the seventies, the big three, Quanto Wienerau, Canto Wienerau, Mutz Peltzierfarm. Quanto/Canto Wienerau are examples of complimentary breeding and successful inbreeding: L-litter Wienerau - VA Jalk Fohlenbrunnen.

Mutz Peltzierfarm formed a very good combination with Quanto Wienerau. Mutz gave good working temperaments and masculinity. As a direct sire-line his influence is disappearing.

The 1980's brought the bitch Palme Wildsteiger Land as a source of success for Wildsteiger Land kennels through her sons: Siegers Uran Wildsteiger Land and Quando Arminius. She has had a major influence on the breed.

The Q-litter Arminius with Sieger Quando brought the legendary Odin Tannenmeise. With the Q-litter Arminius/Uran Wildsteigerland (Palme), Odin Tannenmeise (Quando A) and Cello Romerau (Quana A) the inbreeding is getting narrow now and this PALME/URAN/QUANDO/ODIN/CELLO family has brought us into the 1990's up to the present days:
Ulk Arlett, Ursus Batu, Yasko Farbenspiel.

Looking to the above mentioned dogs we can conclude that there is a clear comparison in standard type without exaggerations (uebertypisierung) that we can see in the American standards and the Alsatian-type. We don't want a cosmetic dog. GSD breeding is not nice, nicer, nicest. A Zuchtschau is not a beauty contest. We also can conclude that the period of the brothers Walter (Wienerau) and Hermann (Arminius) Martin brought more uniformity in the Hochzucht breed. As we ask ourselves do we breed according to the standard ideals of the visionary Von Stephanitz?
I think that in our day there is a warning: to want more can mean to get worse.

We have indeed improved, in general, the standard type of the GSD. I think we saw the highpoint of breeding in the 1980's for instance in the Quanto Wienerau line via Quando Arminius to Odin Tannenmeise and in Uran Wildsteiger Land. But every advantage brings along its own disadvantage. We got uniformity in genetic make-up and that means loss of genetic variation. Uniformity in type but also uniformity in pigmentation sometimes means less pigmentation. Hochzucht breeding became a matter of copying the successful formula of successful breeders; doing more of the same. The demand for type was a demand for the predominant type set by the world famous kennel "von der Wienerau". To deviate from this type was to deviate from the Hochzucht breeding.
Hochzucht developed into a one way street.

If we have to criticise we must do it according to the aims of the standard:

* Angulations of the forehand, especially the lay of the shoulder blade and forehand reach.
* Clear distinction in sex characteristics between males and females.
* Rich pigmentation
* The athletic dog, height and overall body weight
* The outlines, specially straight back and correct long underline
* Length and height proportions
* A balanced dog without exaggerated hind angulations. Well-developed thighs in hindquarters
in proportion to the middle piece and the forehand angulations.
* Correct front and chest development
* Correct joints, elbows, hocks and correct coming and going.

For a suitable working dog this means gaiting in harmony and endurance but also enough ground speed, running, galloping, springing, sitting, turning easily. Not oversized, overweight, coarse appearance, lack of firmness. Of course, a champion must show spirit in appearance and charisma. A breed dog must behave himself like a perfect gentleman, be reliable and self- confident.

Where there is sun there is also a shadow. The 1990's until the present day brought us also a GSD on the upper limit of height and weight. A lot of criticism was of the topline, overstretched bodies, roached backs, sloping backs, unbalanced dogs, steep upper arms in combination with over angulation of the hindquarters and bad fronts, elbows and cow hocks. How can such dogs get excellent places even at a Hauptzuchtschau? Because typey dogs with roomy gaits seen from the side and handled by experts can impress! Exaggerations are waiting around the corner, sometimes it is wiser to maintain than to improve.

Take for instance the problems of soft ears, oversize, soft temperaments, upper arms, fronts
and look to some of the most influential producers:

* Palme Wildsteiger Land - oversize, ears
* Uran Wildsteiger Land (Palme) dwarfs, ears
* Quando (Q litter) Arminius (Palme) oversize, front/upper-arms, lacking hardness (Belastbarkeit)
* Cello Romerau (Quana A) oversize, ears, upper arm
* Odin Tannenmeise (Quando A) - 65cm/ears, temperament (lazy)

Size, ear problems, temperament failures; perhaps some health, physical and genetic problems are possibly a result of continuing family breeding and inbreeding while ignoring the problems.

Hochzucht became one big family. We see this in the pigmentation. In temperament; we certainly improved the breed. The GSD became friendlier but also a softer dog, less hardness means also more suitable as a pet but also more dogs become dull, lacking in spirit and some are affected by stressful situations. In general, the temperaments are more reliable and certainly not dangerous or shy, but those friendly, soft dogs in stressful circumstances lack hardness, spirit and endurance, and they cannot bring us what we want from a multi-purpose working dog. Can we blame our Hochzucht dog for the sins of his family? That does not mean that he has not a good character
but that sometimes we miss something...

* Health: HD/ED - problems in the back region
* uebertypisierung: overangulation - without stability in the hindquarters in stance/movement.
* Too little attention given to general appearance, too much emphasis on details.
* Problems of oversize, weight, pigmentation.
* Colour (Type) diversity, genetic diversity.
* More genetic diversity, more health and vitality. Too much emphasis on uniformity of general appearance.

In his annual report (2002) Mr. Messler states: Within the SV are two populations of German Shepherd Dogs. A population consists of a range of animals that are related. There is a clear distinction between Hochzucht and Leistungszucht (working lines). Leistungszucht have common related animals that are selected through national and state trials and are supported by working dog people. In short, this is resulting in polarisation within the SV and self-interested pressure groups: breeding for their own market and having a specific interest in the puppy market. To put it simply, there are two groups: show people versus working dog people. If you compare the direct sire-lines of the VA/V males of the Hauptzuchtschau 2002 you will notice a difference in the lines with Utz Haus Schuetting and those without Utz and the percentage of sable dogs. If you compare the appearance of the two populations you will also see clear differences concerning size, weight, type general appearance and pigmentation. There is a difference in genetic make up. In general the working dog lines cannot meet the high standard the Hochzucht has reached in anatomy, according to the standard and the Hochzucht has, in general has problems with the drives and instincts which are considered essential to reach high working performances. This polarisation results in different kinds of local groups (Ortsgruppen) and a separation between the delegates in the general meeting. Mostly the silent majority of pet owners are not represented. Clearly there is a crisis in breeding aims and policy within the SV and a loss of thousands of members.

We spoke about the problems concerning the Hochzucht breeding but there is certainly a crisis in the Leistungszucht breeding too. In this breeding also we see that bloodlines are becoming narrow due to selected inbreeding on four or five predominant animals or lines. A lot of working dogs have problems in reaching the minimum grading "Good" not to mention the qualities to get a Breed Survey Class l. Also in these lines we see health and physical problems. The real crisis though is that the present working dog breeders cannot fulfil the standards of the breeding animals that form the roots of their pedigrees. There was a time when there was a one undivided breed, VA and V Class l dogs Hauptzuchtschau and LG Schau such as: VA Bernd Lierberg, VA Seffe Busecker Schloss, VA Mutz Pelztierfarm, VA Frei Gugge and V dogs like Nico Haus Beck, Mike Bungalow, Greif Lahntal and several Busecker Schloss dogs etc. These are the roots of the present working dogs lines and fulfilled the universal aims of the standard and belonged to the Hochzucht too. The present day working dog breeder should follow the example of the Altmeisters of the past. Must they be satisfied with less? The polarisation is doing the whole GSD breeding harm. Separation and exclusion is not sensible and clouds the debate about the future of the GSD "made in Germany", the leading position of the SV within the WUSV and the overall quality of the breed throughout the world.

The world and society has changed. The most important task of a GSD is his role as a companion dog in a complex environment. Dr. Malcolm Willis (1998) states: Type traits and behaviour traits are the most important traits in dog breeding. Of course we all accept the priority concerning health and maintenance of soundness, also when our dogs are becoming old (fitness traits). Willis states that it is a basic principle of animal breeding that the more traits one seeks to include in a breeding programme the harder the task will become. I truly think we exclude too many potential breed animals both in Hochzucht and Leistungszucht because of narrow mindedness and because we are selecting in a one-way street. For instance, if a dog is not absolutely top in show (VA) we don't prefer him as a breeding partner because of the puppy market. The same goes for the working dog people; the dog must have a high profile in the working dog scene. In fact we are perhaps excluding the more desired dogs if we consider the whole range of traits which we demand from a GSD suited to live or even survive in our time.

After checking one year of breeding in the Netherlands, the scientific Hirschfeld Foundation of the Dutch Kennel Club, in co-operation with the Dutch German Shepherd Dog Club, concluded in their report of l997 that in general, there were less health problems than was expected but that behavioural problems scored the highest among the owners of GSD in the Netherlands.

These problems were

l. Aggressiveness
2. Shy/nervous
3. Disobedient/unmanageable
4. Hyperactive, very noisy

In 2002 the Dutch SV formed a committee to advise about the problem of the forbidden use of the electric collar in the training of dogs. This committee identified a growth in the use of the forbidden electric collar in training and stated that there was a connection with too extreme breeding. The Breed Surveyors were advised to be very alert and exclude the animals that behaved unmanageably or showed a tendency to aggressiveness. That brings us to the question; If we want to improve the temperaments and use the instrument of the Breed Survey (K�rung) should this be done by a more severe courage test (combative spirit) or must we have improved behavioural testing? Is demanding a harder courage test by working judges the solution?

At least we should debate it and not leave it to a delegate meeting of the SV where delegates are deciding in a polluted atmosphere of polarisation. For instance at a Breed Survey in Holland in December 2002 conducted by myself, I breed surveyed over 40 GSD. The majority came in Class 2. I saw some extraordinarily good GSD in the courage test. On the same day DNA testing was carried out in a small room by a Vet. The dogs had to enter an overcrowded canteen. Afterwards I was told that some of the dogs which did extremely well in the courage test and had high standards in the trials, behaved very nervously when testing for DNA. Some dogs could not be tested without being muzzled. The basic temperament (Weser) is not tested in a courage test. I would prefer to leave the ring with normal in a courage test and excellent behaviour in the above mentioned situation in DNA testing. Another problem is the changed criteria of SchH or VH or IPO training not to the dog but to its owner. I can tell you that to train a GSD to obtain Sch Hl will take you a year with training twice a week. You need good instructors and well-trained helpers. In the present day where people have a lot of obligations this demands a lot of a person's time and abilities, especially if they have to wait for their turn for hours at the training grounds. Are we testing the abilities of the dog or the trainer? How many potentially good dogs are we excluding? The IPO in the present day demands a lot of perfection in obedience. Obedience has become the most important in bite work too. Dr. Margaret Pfleiderer Hogner concluded in her dissertation (Munich 1979) and doubted if obedience is a genetic trait. But I fully agree with Willis (l998).

l. Failure to train and work functional dogs can have damaging consequences on behaviours.

2. Selection for physical beauty will be of minimal value unless associated with functional ability and those breeds which have preserved working qualities should be selected to enhance, not lose those virtues.

3. With Willis, I think the breed survey is an important instrument in which dogs are measured and assessed against the breed standard but including some evaluation of character/work.

I think the statement in the WUSV (Annual Report WUSV meeting 9th September, Karlsruhe 2002) should be incorporated by all WUSV member organisations.

Minimum criteria for a start programme

1. Testing social behaviour to people and animals; (the Swiss temperament test).
Environment testing (acoustical and optical). Gun sure test. Prey drive with the sack
2. Companion Dog certificate (BH)
3. Tracking disposition

Messler states in his WUSV report "Working is for the GSD essential". To be kept only in a kennel is a torment to the soundness of his spirit and body. I personally think we must find several jobs for our GSD to maintain his
position as a Helper of Mankind.

My advice and wishes are that GSD breeding stops excluding, separatism and division. More common sense please. No one-way street but overall selection of overall traits. The right combination is not extreme mated to extreme. Hochzucht must include Leistungszucht and vice versa. Sometimes it will be proved that the dog you want to exclude can be in fact the one that you needed the most. That means also more genetic variety. We do not need incrossing of other breeds as stated by Helmut Raiser at the discussion evening in Viernheim 2003. I think we need a European Breed Affairs Committee with excellent geneticists and very experienced breeders that can stop the nonsense.

STRENGTH AND WEAKNESSES OF THE CONTINENTAL SHOWING AND BREEDING SYSTEM

THE STRENGTH The SV is a very well organised and professionally managed organisation. There is a framework of local clubs, experienced instructors, helpers and well-trained judges. The quality of the breed in general is high and at the moment the standards have reached such high peaks that further improvements can lead to exaggerations. The SV controls and manages the GSD breeding and protects the interest of the GSD in Germany. The SV dominates the WUSV but this is possibly due more to a weakness of the other associated members! The initiatives in HD, especially the Breed Value system, the ED scheme and DNA programme deserve our admiration. The Hauptzuchtschau and Bundessiegerpruefung are well organised mega events. Before we mention the shadows, we must conclude
there is a lot of sunshine.

THE WEAKNESSES Obviously in breeding we have at the moment a bottleneck both in Hochzucht and Leistungszucht and a lack of genetic diversity. Mr. Messler was not able to stop this and to introduce alternatives. Hopefully Orschler can find them in or outside Germany. The German Shepherd Dog is not only the Wienerau/Arminius type. There are too many pressure groups in the show world. You see teams sometimes operating as Cartels, having too much influence on the individual choices in breeding and showing. Sometimes there is a tendency to control the market and to influence the show world by excluding others. There is not always equality of chances. There is a tendency amongst well-informed judges to make their decisions on self-fulfilling promises. The Hauptzuchtschau is too much a "nice-nicer-nicest" scheme and less a Zuchschau. The criteria of the progeny groups must be revised. The Hauptzuchtschau should be more a world show of the WUSV. Now it functions too much as a German shop window for German breeding. Bureaucrats and too many rules give advantages for privileged groups and leads to a form of protectionism for their own national interests and conflicts with the ideas of a WUSV. In Europe we sometimes forget the common owner of a GSD. We must see the whole scene with his eyes and do something about it so that he can participate. We must improve the image of the GSD in our present society. If the GSD is a working dog we must offer more than only Schutzhund or IPO. There is a distinction in SPORT and BREEDING. At this moment high demands in Leistungssport are set as criteria for showing and breeding. Are these demands put to the owner/trainer (sport) or do they really serve breeding goals? In showing sometimes the image (achievements in the past) of a dog decides the outcome and not the actual presentation. Is it possible to beat a Sieger in the show ring? There has to be criticism also of other countries. They have to be more independent and take more initiative. Breeders, judges and clubs have to imitate less and not do more of the same.

In a forum discussion (2003) the famous kennel (Herding dogs) "Kirschental" (Fueller) stated:

"I think a lot of the actual problems in health and working abilities are the result of repeated inbreeding on the same ancestors, as we see in the Leistungszucht too. I believe, and other experienced breeders will agree with me, that a litter without inbreeding (outcross) is more robust and there are fewer problems. You see the same in farm livestock breeding. We did breed a wonderful unity in Type but what did it cost us? The first 50 dogs of a Hauptzuchtschau are look-a-likes and have the same anatomy and outlook, BUT WE DON'T NEED A UNIFORM TOTALITY, WE DO NEED MORE DIVERSITY PARTICULARLY IN THE BLOODLINES. WE DO NEED A WIDER BASIS IN OUR BREEDING."

If in the present time a breeder is mating his bitch he rarely can keep all the puppies for himself. Most of them he must sell. If you want to sell your puppies the sire must be a well known dog, a top dog from the Hauptzuchtschau or Bundessiegerpruefung. Here we have to change.

What can widen up the basis of the bloodlines

1. VA must be given to only an anatomically well built and sound dog with a breed value below 100
which is a proven producer. A dog can be only awarded VA twice. The new generation must be given a chance
2. Only dogs placed twice VA can make a Sieger
3. A Sieger is not allowed to enter the HZS the next year
4. A judge must not automatically place a dog in the VA Group just because his Sire or Dam was a VA
5. Judges of Adult Classes must change very year. Every person has his own likes and dislikes. More dogs should have changes, perhaps even other types and colours. I do not want to change radically, but this is my way of thinking

BREEDING In 21st Century we need a revised policy to rule the breeding and keeping of the GSD. In the Netherlands we had intensive discussions with our Kennel Club about breed regulations. The influence of Government and Local Government Laws threatened the breeding and keeping of GSD. Also European Laws and organisations for \ Animal Welfare are playing a decisive role in the protection of animal welfare and consumers. Also a puppy is considered to be a product. The SV Netherlands were pro-active in these directions. We now have a set of Breeding Rules accepted by the members of the Dutch Shepherd Club and in fact are waiting for our Kennel Club to impose them This means new perspectives: in health, control of behavioural traits, limitations in breeding with bitches and males and protection of the welfare of the animals and considering consumers' rights.

We know very well that we cannot focus upon a small group of top breeders or top sportsmen in the working scene. The average buyer of a GSD puppy wants quality. His priorities are a dog with good health, a clear representative of his breed, sound character and a reliable companion. He wants a manageable, obedient dog and as he is involved in a range of activities he does not want bureaucratic rules in a busy world where he wants to relax and spend quality time with his dog. The GSD can be that quality dog. It is our task to breed the German Shepherd as such and to maintain him as man's number one best friend. If he were here today Von Stephanitz would aim for this too. I'm sure of it!